Imfucuza yepulasitiki iyinkinga enjalokubangela izikhukhulakwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba. Njengoba ama-polymers epulasitiki awaboli kalula, ukungcoliswa kwepulasitiki kungavalela yonke imifula. Uma kufinyelela olwandle kugcina kukhuluizimbotshana ezintantayo.

Ngebhidi yokubhekana nenkinga yezomhlaba yokungcoliswa kwepulasitiki, abacwaningi bahlakulela ipulasitiki engonakalayo ebhidliza ngemuva kokuvezwa ukukhanya kwelanga nomoya emashumini eminyaka, noma amakhulu eminyaka, kungathatha amapulasitiki athile nsuku zonke izinto zokubola.

Phakathi kwa-Iphepha elishicilelweEncwadini ebhukwini le-American Chemical Society (Jacs), abacwaningi bachaza ipulasitiki yabo entsha enonambekile ebhidliza ukukhanya kwelanga libe yi-suckinic acid, okwenzeka ngokwemvelo okungenzeka okunobuthi ama-molecule amancane angenamzimba angenayo imvelo.

Ososayensi basebenzisa i-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) kanye nobuningi be-spectroscopyy chemical bhemaza ukuveza okutholakele ngakusopulasitiki, i-polymer esuselwa ku-petroleum.

I-Bio-based? Iphinde isebenze kabusha? Biodegradable? Umhlahlandlela wakho kumapulasitiki aqhubekayo

Ngokuqina okuphezulu ku-ajenda yawo wonke umuntu kanye nobuchwepheshe ukuthuthuka ngokushesha, umhlaba wamapulasitiki uyashintsha. Nakhu okudingeka ukwazi mayelana nezinto zokwakha zanamuhla zepulasitiki - kanye nesigama esididayo kwesinye isikhathi,

Imfucuza yepulasitiki sekuyinto ekhathazayo emhlabeni jikelele.Cishe amathani ayizigidi ezingama-4 akhiqizwa emhlabeni jikelele njalo ngonyaka, ngenkathiAmaphesenti angama-78 awo wonke imfucuza yepulasitiki eke akhiqizwa aqedwe ekulahlekelweni komhlaba noma njengemfucumfucu ezindaweni zemvelo.

Kepha kuthiwani ngamapulasitiki amasha, azosizinza - Ngabe bazosisiza ekubambeni inselelo yenkutha yepulasitiki? Kusho ukuthini imigomo ye-bio-based, i-plastitics noma esetshenziswayo

Sizokuhambisa ngamanye amagama ajwayelekile ahambisana namapulasitiki asetshenzisiwe futhi aveze amaqiniso ngemuva kwelinye.

I-Bioplastics - amapulasitiki asuselwa ku-bio noma i-biodegradable noma zombili

I-Bioplastics yithemu elisetshenziselwa ukubhekisa kumapulasitiki asuselwa ku-bio, asuselwa kwi-bio, noma alungele zombili izindlela.

Ngokungafani namapulasitiki wendabuko enziwe ngokuphakelayo okususelwa ku-fossil,Amapulasitiki asuselwa ku-bio anezenziwe ngokuphelele noma ngokwengxenye kusuka ku-feedstock evuselelekayokuthathwe ku-biomass. Izinto ezisetshenziswayo ezisetshenziswayo ukukhiqiza lokhu okuphakelayo okuvuselelekayo kokukhiqizwa kwepulasitiki kufaka izigaxa zommbila, iziqu zomoba kanye ne-cellulose kanye namafutha ahlukahlukene emithonjeni evuselelekayo. Imigomo 'ye-bioplastics' kanye 'ne-plastics esekwe kwi-bio ngokuvamile isetshenziswa ngokushintshana nge-larpeople kodwa empeleni ayisho into efanayo.

I-Biodegradable Plasticsngamapulasitiki anezinhlaka ezintsha zamangqamuzana ezingavunywa ngamagciwane ekugcineni kwempilo yawo ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile zezemvelo. Akuwona wonke amapulasitiki asuselwa ku-bio ayi-biodebradable ngenkathi amapulasitiki athile enziwa kumafutha e-fossil empeleni akhona.

I-Bio-based - Amapulasitiki aqukethe izakhi ezikhiqizwe kusuka ku-biomass

Amapulasitiki asuselwa ku-bio asuselwa ngokwengxenye noma ngokwengeziwe entweni ekhiqizwe kusuka ku-biomass esikhundleni sezinto zokusetshenziswa ezisuselwa emafosizini. Eminye ayikho izinto ze-biodebradable kodwa ezinye azikho.

Ngo-2018, amathani ayizigidi ezingama-2.61 amapulasitiki asuselwa ku-bio akhiqizwa emhlabeni wonke,Ngokusho kwesikhungo se-Bioplasters nama-Biocomos (IFBB). Kepha lokho kusesekungaphansi kwe-1% yemakethe yepulasitiki yomhlaba. Njengoba ukufunwa kwepulasitiki kuyaqhubeka ukukhula, ngakho-ke isidingo sezixazululo ezizinzile ze-plastics. Ipulasitiki evamile esuselwa emafosilini ingathathelwa indawo ngeplastiki ye-Drop-in - i-bio-based esekelwe. Lokhu kungasiza ukunciphisa umsuka wekhabhoni womkhiqizo wokuphela ngenkathi ezinye izici zomkhiqizo - ukuqina kwayo noma ukuwohloka kabusha - ngokwesibonelo, kusale kuyafana.

I-Polyhydroxyalkantoate noma i-PHA, uhlobo olujwayelekile lwepulasitiki elisuselwa ku-bio esuselwa e-bio, elisetshenziselwa ukwenza ukupakishwa namabhodlela, ngokwesibonelo. Ikonakukhiqizwa ukugcwala kwezimboni lapho amagciwane athile aphethwe ushukela noma amanonikusuka kuma-feedstocks afana neAma-beet, umoba oshukela, amafutha ommbila noma wemifino. Kodwa ama-byproducts angafuneki,njengamafutha okupheka kadoti noma ama-molasses asale ngemuva kokukhiqiza ushukela, ingasetshenziswa njengokunye okuphakelayo, ukukhulula izilimo zokudla kwezinye ukusetshenziswa.

Njengoba ukufunwa kwepulasitiki kuyaqhubeka ukukhula, uhla olubanzi lwamapulasitiki asuselwa kwi-bio angenise emakethe futhi kufanele asetshenziswe ngendlela engenye

-

Amanye amapulasitiki asuselwa ku-bio, anjenge, amapulasithi we-Drop-in anezinto ezifanayo zamakhemikhali kanye nezakhiwo kumapulasitiki ajwayelekile. Lawa mapulasitiki awawona i-biodegradable, futhi ajwayele ukusetshenziswa kuzinhlelo zokusebenza lapho ukuqina kuyisici esifunekayo.

Isilwane esisuselwa ku-bio, ngokwengxenye esenziwe nge-organic compound ethlycol etholakala ezitshalweni, isetshenziswa emikhiqizweni eminingi efanaAmabhodlela, Interiors Yezimoto kanye Ne-Electronics. Njengoba kufunwa kwamakhasimende ukuthi kukhuphuke ngokwengeziwe amapulasitiki,Imakethe yalolu hlelo kulindeleke ukuthi ikhule ngo-10.8% kusuka ngo-2018 kuya ku-2024, ihlanganiswe minyaka yonke.

I-BIO-based polypropylene (PP) ingenye ipulasipoti elahliwe elingasetshenziswa ukwenza imikhiqizo efana nezihlalo, iziqukathi kanye namakhaphethi. Ekupheleni kuka-2018,Ukukhiqizwa kwesilinganiso sezentengiselwano se-PP esekwe kwi-bio kwenzeka okokuqala,ukukhiqiza kusuka ekungcoleni nasezindaweni zokusala, njengamafutha okupheka asetshenzisiwe.

I-Biodegradable - Ipulasitiki ebola ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile

Uma ipulasitiki iyinto egcwele i-biodebradable, kusho ukuthi ingaba khona ukubola ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile zezemvelo nalapho ukuxhumana namagciwane athile noma ama-virobes - iluguqula ngamanzi, noma i-methane, ngokuya ngezimo ze-aerobic noma ze-anaerobic. I-BiodeGradation akuyona inkomba yokuqukethwe okusekwe nge-bio; Esikhundleni salokho, ixhumeke esakhiweni samangqamuzana sepulasitiki. Yize iningi le-biodegradable plastitics lisuselwa ku-bio,Amanye amapulasitiki angathandeki enziwa kusuka ku-fossilword esekelwe feedstock.

Ithemu ye-biodegradable iyamangalisa ngoba akwenziicacisa i-timescalenoma imvelo yokuwohloka. Iningi lamapulasitiki, ngisho nalo labantu abangelona iqiniso, lizodalula uma linikezwe isikhathi esanele, ngokwesibonelo amakhulu eminyaka. Bazokwehlela izingcezu ezincane ezingabonakali ngeso lomuntu, kepha zihlala zikhona njengama-microplastics emvelweni osizungezile.Ngokuphambene, amapulasitiki amaningi we-biodegradable azobe e-biodegade ku-CO2, Amanzi kanye ne-Biomass uma enikezwa isikhathi esanelengaphansi kwezimo ezithile zemvelo. Kuyalulekwa ukuthiImininingwane enemininingwaneCishe kuthatha isikhathi esingakanani ipulasitiki, izinga le-biodegradation kanye nemibandela edingekayo kufanele inikezwe ngcono kangcono iziqinisekiso zayo zezemvelo. Ipulasitiki ekhokhwayo, uhlobo lwepulasitiki olungenakubonwa, kulula ukulihlola kusukela kufanele ihlangane namazinga achaziwe ukuze ifanelwe ilebula.

I-Compostable - Uhlobo lweplastiki ye-biodegradable

Ipulasitiki ekhokhwayo iyisigatshana sepulasitiki ebonakalayo. Ngaphansi kwezimo zomquba, ihlukaniswe ngamagciwane abe yi-CO2, amanzi ne-biomass.

Ukuze uthole ipulasitiki ukuze uqinisekiswe njengomuntu ofanele, kufanele uhlangabezane namazinga athile. E-Europe, lokho kusho ukuthi kuIsikhathi sesikhathi samaviki ayi-12, ama-90% epulasitiki kufanele abole abe izingcezwana ezingaphansi kwe-2mmngosayizi ezimeni ezilawulwayo. Kufanele ibe namazinga aphansi ezinsimbi ezisindayo ukuze kungalimazi inhlabathi.

Ipulasitiki Ekhonjiswayokudingeka uthunyelwe esikhungweni sezimboni lapho kufakwa khona izimo zokushisa nezindawo ezinomswakamaukuze uqinisekise ukonakala. Isibonelo, i-Pbat, iyi-polymer esekelwe efenithekile esetshenziselwa ukwenza izikhwama zemfucumfucu ye-organic, izinkomishi ezilahliwe kanye nefilimu yokupakisha futhi iyi-biodebradable izitshalo zokuhlanganisa.

Ipulasitiki ediliza ezindaweni ezivulekile ezifana nasezinqwabeni zomquba wezindlu ngokuvamile kufanele zenziwe. UPhas, ngokwesibonelo, avumelane nalo mthethosivivinywa kepha awasetshenziswa kabanzi kusukelaziyabiza ukukhiqiza kanti inqubo ihamba kancane futhi kunzima ukuyifinyelela. Noma kunjalo amakhemili abelokhu esebenza ekuthuthukiseni lokhu, ngokwesibonelo ngokusebenzisaI-Novel Chemical Cashilyst- Into esiza ukukhulisa isilinganiso sokusabela kwamakhemikhali.

I-Recycluble - Ukuguqula ipulasitiki esetshenzisiwe kwimikhiqizo emisha ngezindlela zemishini noma zamakhemikhali

Uma ipulasitiki iphinde isebenze kabusha, kusho ukuthi kungaphindiselwa esitshalweni sezimboni futhi kwaguqukela kweminye imikhiqizo ewusizo. Izinhlobo eziningana zepulasitiki ezijwayelekile zingavuselelwa ngomshini - uhlobo oluvame kakhulu lokuvuselela kabusha.Kepha ukuhlaziywa kokuqala komhlaba wonke kwawo wonke imfucuza yepulasitiki eyake yakhiqizwaKutholakale ukuthi u-9% kuphela wepulasitiki osebuyiselwe kabusha njengoba impahla yaqala ukukhiqizwa cishe emashumini ayisithupha edlule.

Ukuphinda usebenzise kabushakufaka phakathi ukukhala nokuncibilika imfucuza yepulasitiki bese uyiguqula ibe yi-pellets. Lezi pellets zisetshenziswa njengento eluhlaza ukwenza imikhiqizo emisha. Ikhwalithi yepulasitiki iwohloka ngesikhathi senqubo; ngakho-ke ucezu lwepulasitikiingavuselelwa kuphela ngomshini inani elilinganiselwe lezikhathiNgaphambi kwaso akusafanelekile njengento eluhlaza. Ipulasitiki entsha, noma 'Plastic Plastic', ngakho-ke imvamisa ixutshwe nepulasitiki esetshenzisiwe ngaphambi kokuthi iguqulwe ibe ngumkhiqizo omusha ukusiza ukufinyelela ezingeni elifunekayo lekhwalithi. Ngisho nangaleso sikhathi, amapulasitiki asetshenziswe kabusha awafanele zonke izinhloso.

Ipulasitiki esetshenziselwe amakhemikhali ingabeka esikhundleni sezinto ezisetshenziswayo ze-virgs fossil kawoyela ngokukhiqizwa kwamapulasitiki amasha

-

Ukuphinda usebenzise amakhemikhali, lapho amapulasitiki aguqulwa abuyele emabhuloki ekwakha abese esetshenzwa abe yizinto ezisetshenziswayo ezisezingeni eliphakeme ngamapulasitiki amasha namakhemikhali, ngumndeni omusha wezinqubo manje othola umfutho. Imvamisa kubandakanya ama-catalysts kanye / noma izinga lokushisa eliphakeme kakhulu ukuze aphule ipulasitiki futhiingafakwa kuhlu olubanzi lwemfucuza yepulasitiki ngokuqhathaniswa nokuvuselelwa kabusha kwemishini. Isibonelo, amafilimu epulasitiki aqukethe izingqimba eziningi noma ukungcola okuthile akunakuvalwa kabusha ngomshini kodwa kungavuselelwa ngamakhemikhali.

Izinto ezivuthiwe ezidalwe kusuka ekulahlekelweni kwepulasitiki kwinqubo yokuvuselelwa kabusha kwamakhemikhali kungasetshenziselwaFaka esikhundleni izinto ezisetshenziswayo ze-rus crude ezisuselwa ekwenziweni kokukhiqizwa okusha, okuphezulu kwekhwalithi ephezulu.

Enye yezinzuzo eziphambili zokuvuselelwa kabusha kwamakhemikhali ukuthi kuyinqubo yokuthuthukisa lapho ikhwalithi yepulasitiki ingadalulwa khona uma icutshungulwe ngokungafani phakathi nezinhlobo eziningi zokuvuselelwa kabusha kwemishini. Ipulasitiki ephumela ingasetshenziswa ukwenza imikhiqizo ehlukahlukene kubandakanya iziqukathi zokudla nezinto zokusetshenziswa kwezokwelapha nezokunakekelwa kwempilo lapho kunezidingo zokuphepha zomkhiqizo eziqinile.