Imfucuza yePlastiki iyinkinga yokuthikubangela izikhukhulakwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba.Njengoba ama-polymer epulasitiki engaboli kalula, ukungcola kwepulasitiki kungavala yonke imifula.Uma ifika olwandle igcina isiyinqwabaamabala kadoti antantayo.

Emzamweni wokubhekana nenkinga yomhlaba wonke yokungcoliswa kwepulasitiki, abacwaningi bakha ipulasitiki eyonakalayo ephukayo ngemva kokuchayeka elangeni nasemoyeni isonto lonke - ukuthuthuka okukhulu phakathi namashumi eminyaka, noma ngisho namakhulu eminyaka, kungathatha ipulasitiki yansuku zonke. izinto zokubola.

Kuiphepha elishicilelwekuyi-Journal of the American Chemical Society (JACS), abacwaningi bachaza ipulasitiki yabo entsha eyonakaliswa imvelo ehlehla ekukhanyeni kwelanga ibe yi-succinic acid, i-molecule encane engeyona enobuthi eyenzeka ngokwemvelo engashiyi izingcezwana ze-microplastic endaweni ezungezile.

Ososayensi basebenzisa i-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) kanye ne-mass spectroscopy chemical characterization ukuze baveze abakutholile kupulasitiki, i-polymer esekelwe ku-petroleum.

Isekelwe ku-Bio?Iyasebenziseka kabusha?I-Biodegradable?Umhlahlandlela wakho kumapulasitiki aqhubekayo

Ngokusimama okuphezulu ku-ajenda yawo wonke umuntu kanye nobuchwepheshe buthuthuka ngokushesha, umhlaba wamapulasitiki uyashintsha.Nakhu okudingeka ukwazi mayelana nezinto zesimanje zepulasitiki - kanye namagama adidayo kwesinye isikhathi,

Imfucumfucu yepulasitiki isiyinkinga yomhlaba wonke.Cishe amathani aso ayizigidi ezingamakhulu amane akhiqizwa emhlabeni wonke minyaka yonke, ngenkathiAmaphesenti angama-79 ayo yonke imfucumfucu yepulasitiki eyake yakhiqizwa igcine isendaweni yokulahla imfucumfucu noma njengodoti endaweni yemvelo.

Kodwa kuthiwani ngamapulasitiki amasha, aqinile - azosisiza yini ukuthi sibhekane nenselelo yemfucuza yepulasitiki?Asho ukuthini amagama amapulasitiki asuselwa ku-bio, angabolayo noma angagaywa kabusha, futhi angasisiza kanjani ukuthi sifinyelele izinjongo zokuzinza futhi sinciphise isidingo sikawoyela ongahluziwe ekukhiqizeni amapulasitiki?

Sizokuhambisa kwamanye amatemu ajwayelekile ahlotshaniswa namapulasitiki asimeme futhi siveze amaqiniso angemuva kwalelo nalelo.

I-Bioplastics - amapulasitiki asekelwe ku-bio noma angaboli noma kokubili

I-Bioplastics yigama elisetshenziselwa ukubhekisela kumapulasitiki asekelwe ku-bio, abolayo, noma afanele zombili izindlela.

Ngokungafani namapulasitiki endabuko enziwe nge-fossil-based feedstock,amapulasitiki asekelwe ku-bio enziwe ngokugcwele noma ingxenye yesitoko esivuselelekayoetholakala ku-biomass.Izinto ezisetshenziswayo ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ukukhiqiza lesi sitokwe esivuselelekayo sokukhiqiza ipulasitiki zifaka izihlanga zombila, iziqu zikamoba kanye neselulosi, futhi ngokuya ngokuya namafutha ahlukahlukene namafutha avela emithonjeni evuselelekayo.Amagama athi 'bioplastics' kanye 'namapulasitiki asekelwe ku-bio' avame ukusetshenziswa ngokushintshana ngabantu abavamile kodwa empeleni awasho into efanayo.

Amapulasitiki angaboliamapulasitiki anezinhlaka zamangqamuzana ezintsha ezingaboliswa amagciwane ekupheleni kokuphila kwawo ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile zemvelo.Akuwona wonke amapulasitiki asuselwa ku-bio angabola ngenkathi amanye amapulasitiki enziwe ngamafutha ezinto ezimbiwa phansi ekhona.

I-Bio-based - amapulasitiki aqukethe izingxenye ezikhiqizwa ku-biomass

Amapulastiki asuselwa ku-bio-based enziwe ngokwengxenye noma ngokuphelele ngezinto ezikhiqizwe nge-biomass esikhundleni sezinto zokusetshenziswa ezisekelwe ku-fossil.Ezinye ziyabola kodwa ezinye aziboli.

Ngo-2018, amathani ayizigidi ezi-2.61 zamapulasitiki asuselwa ku-bio akhiqizwa emhlabeni jikelele,ngokusho kwe-Institute for Bioplastics and Biocomposites (IfBB).Kodwa lokho kusengaphansi nje kwe-1% yemakethe yepulasitiki yomhlaba wonke.Njengoba isidingo sepulasitiki siqhubeka sikhula, sinjalo nesidingo sezixazululo eziqhubekayo zamapulasitiki.Ipulasitiki evamile esekwe kwizinsalela ingashintshwa kufakwe ipulasitiki yokufaka - okulinganayo okusekelwe ku-bio.Lokhu kungasiza ekunciphiseni i-carbon footprint yomkhiqizo wokugcina kuyilapho ezinye izici zomkhiqizo - ukuqina kwawo noma ukuphinda usebenziseke kabusha - isibonelo, zihlala zinjalo.

I-Polyhydroxyalkanoate noma i-PHA, iwuhlobo oluvamile lwepulasitiki esekelwe ku-biodegradable bio-based, okwamanje esetshenziselwa ukwenza ukupakisha namabhodlela, isibonelo.Ikonaekhiqizwa ukuvutshelwa kwezimboni lapho amagciwane athile ephakelwa ushukela noma amafuthakusuka ezitolo zokudla njengebeet, umoba, ummbila noma amafutha yemifino.Kodwa imikhiqizo engadingeki,njengamafutha okupheka angcolile noma ama-molasses asele ngemva kokukhiqizwa ushukela, ingasetshenziswa njengenye indawo yokudla, ikhulule izitshalo zokudla ukuze zisetshenziswe okunye.

Njengoba isidingo sepulasitiki siqhubeka sikhula, uhla olubanzi lwamapulasitiki asuselwa ku-bio angenile emakethe futhi kufanele asetshenziswe ngokwandayo njengenye indlela.

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Amanye amapulasitiki asekelwe ku-bio, njengokuthi, amapulasitiki angena ngaphakathi anezakhiwo zamakhemikhali ezifanayo kanye nezakhiwo kumapulasitiki avamile.Lawa mapulasitiki awaboli, futhi avame ukusetshenziswa ezinhlelweni lapho ukuqina kuyisici esifiselekayo.

I-bio-based PET, ingxenye eyenziwe nge-organic compound ethylene glycol etholakala ezitshalweni, isetshenziswa emikhiqizweni eminingi efanaamabhodlela, ingaphakathi lemoto nezinto zikagesi.Njengoba isidingo samakhasimende sepulasitiki esimeme sikhula,imakethe yaleli pulasitiki kulindeleke ukuthi ikhule ngo-10.8% kusukela ngo-2018 kuya ku-2024, ihlanganiswa minyaka yonke..

I-Bio-based polypropylene (PP) enye ipulasitiki yokudonsa engasetshenziswa ukwenza imikhiqizo efana nezihlalo, iziqukathi nokhaphethi.Ekupheleni kuka-2018,ukukhiqizwa kwezikali zezentengiselwano ze-bio-based PP kwenzeka okokuqala,ukuyikhiqiza ngodoti kanye namafutha ayizinsalela, njengamafutha okupheka asesebenzile.

I-Biodegradable - ipulasitiki ebola ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile

Uma ipulasitiki ikwazi ukubola, kusho ukuthi ingabola ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile zemvelo futhi lapho ithintana namagciwane athile noma amagciwane - iwuguqule ibe amanzi, i-biomass kanye ne-carbon dioxide, noma i-methane, kuye ngezimo ze-aerobic noma ze-anaerobic.I-Biodegradation ayiyona inkomba yokuqukethwe okusekelwe ku-bio;esikhundleni salokho, ixhunywe nesakhiwo samangqamuzana epulasitiki.Nakuba amapulasitiki amaningi abolayo enziwe ngezinto eziphilayo,amanye amapulasitiki angaboli enziwe ngezinsalela ezisekelwe kuwoyela.

Igama elithi biodegradable alicaci kahle njengoba alikwenzicacisa isikali sesikhathinoma indawo yokubola.Amapulasitiki amaningi, ngisho nalawo angaboli, azokwehla uma enikezwa isikhathi esanele, isibonelo amakhulu eminyaka.Zizoqhekeka zibe izingcezu ezincane ezingase zingabonakali ngeso lomuntu, kodwa zihlale zikhona njengama-microplastics endaweni esizungezile.Ngokuphambene, amapulasitiki amaningi abolayo azobola abe yi-CO2, amanzi kanye ne-biomass uma enikezwa isikhathi esanele.ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile zemvelo.Kuyelulekwa lokhoulwazi oluningiliziwemayelana nokuthi ipulasitiki ithatha isikhathi esingakanani ukuwohloka kwemvelo, izinga lokuwohloka kwezinto eziphilayo nezimo ezidingekayo kufanele kuhlinzekwe ukuze kuhlolwe kangcono iziqinisekiso zayo zemvelo.Ipulasitiki evundile, uhlobo lwepulasitiki ebolayo, kulula ukuyihlola njengoba kufanele ihlangabezane nezindinganiso ezichaziwe ukuze ifanele ilebula.

I-Compostable - uhlobo lwepulasitiki ebolayo

Ipulasitiki evundisiwe iyisethi encane yepulasitiki ebolayo.Ngaphansi kwezimo zokwenza umquba, ihlukaniswa ngama-microbes ibe yi-CO2, amanzi kanye ne-biomass.

Ukuze ipulasitiki iqinisekiswe njenge-compostable, kufanele ihlangabezane nezindinganiso ezithile.EYurophu, lokho kusho ukuthi kuisikhathi esingamaviki angu-12, u-90% wepulasitiki kufanele ubole ube yizicucu ezingaphansi kuka-2mmngosayizi ezimeni ezilawulwayo.Kufanele iqukathe amazinga aphansi ezinsimbi ezisindayo ukuze ingalimazi umhlabathi.

Amapulasitiki akhiwezidinga ukuthunyelwa esikhungweni sezimboni lapho kusetshenziswa izimo ezishisayo nezinomswakamaukuze kuqinisekiswe ukucekelwa phansi.I-PBAT, isibonelo, iyifossil feedstock based polymer esetshenziselwa ukwenza izikhwama zikadoti wezinto eziphilayo, izinkomishi ezilahlwayo kanye nefilimu yokupakisha futhi iyabola ezitshalweni zokwenza umquba.

Ipulasitiki ebhidlikayo ezindaweni ezivulekile njengezinqwaba zomquba wasendlini ngokuvamile kunzima ukuyenza.Ama-PHA, isibonelo, alingana nesikweletu kodwa awasetshenziswa kabanzi kusukela ngaleso sikhathikuyabiza ukukhiqiza futhi inqubo ihamba kancane futhi inzima ukukhuphuka.Nokho osokhemisi bebesebenzela ekuthuthukiseni lokhu, isibonelo ngokusebenzisai-catalyst yamakhemikhali inoveli– into esiza ukwandisa izinga lokusabela kwamakhemikhali.

I-Recyclable – ukushintsha ipulasitiki esetshenzisiwe ibe yimikhiqizo emisha ngezindlela zemishini noma zamakhemikhali

Uma ipulasitiki igaywa kabusha, kusho ukuthi ingacutshungulwa kabusha embonini yezimboni bese iphendulwa eminye imikhiqizo ewusizo.Izinhlobo eziningana zamapulasitiki avamile zingagaywa kabusha ngomshini - uhlobo oluvame kakhulu lokugaywa kabusha.Kodwa ukuhlaziya kokuqala komhlaba wonke kwayo yonke imfucuza yepulasitiki eyake yenziwabathole ukuthi u-9% kuphela wepulasitiki oke wagaywa kabusha selokhu kwaqala ukukhiqizwa cishe emashumini ayisithupha eminyaka edlule.

Ukugaywa kabusha kwemishinikuhlanganisa ukucucuza nokuncibilikisa imfucumfucu yepulasitiki bese uyiphendula ibe ama-pellets.Lawa ma-pellets abe esesetshenziswa njengempahla eluhlaza ukwenza imikhiqizo emisha.Izinga lepulasitiki liyawohloka phakathi nenqubo;ngakho-ke ucezu lwepulasitikiingaphinda igaywe kabusha izikhathi ezimbalwangaphambi kokuba ingasafaneleki njengempahla eluhlaza.Ipulasitiki entsha, noma i-'virgin plastic', ngakho-ke ivame ukuxutshwa nepulasitiki egaywe kabusha ngaphambi kokuba iguqulwe ibe umkhiqizo omusha ukusiza ukufinyelela izinga elifunekayo.Noma kunjalo, amapulasitiki agaywe kabusha awafaneleki zonke izinhloso.

Ipulasitiki egaywe kabusha ngamakhemikhali ingangena esikhundleni sezinto ezingavuthiwe zikawoyela oyintombi nto ekukhiqizeni amapulasitiki amasha

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Ukugaywa kabusha kwamakhemikhali, lapho amapulasitiki aguqulwa abuyiselwe abe amabhulokhi wokwakha abese ecutshungulwa abe izinto ezingavuthiwe zepulasitiki namakhemikhali amasha, kuwumndeni omusha wezinqubo manje odlondlobalayo.Ngokuvamile kuhilela ama-catalysts kanye/noma izinga lokushisa eliphezulu kakhulu ukudiliza ipulasitiki kanyeingasetshenziswa ebangeni elibanzi lemfucuza yepulasitiki uma kuqhathaniswa nokugaywa kabusha kwemishini.Isibonelo, amafilimu epulasitiki aqukethe izendlalelo eziningi noma ukungcola okuthile awakwazi ukuphinda asetshenziswe ngomshini kodwa angaphinde asetshenziswe ngamakhemikhali.

Izinto ezingavuthiwe ezidalwe kudoti wepulasitiki ohlelweni lokugaywa kabusha kwamakhemikhali zingasetshenziselwaesikhundleni sikawoyela ongahluziwe osuselwe ezintweni zokusetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni amapulasitiki amasha, asezingeni eliphezulu.

Enye yezinzuzo eziyinhloko zokugaywa kabusha kwamakhemikhali ukuthi kuyinqubo yokuthuthukisa lapho ikhwalithi yepulasitiki ingehlisi uma isicutshunguliwe ngokungafani nezinhlobo eziningi zokugaywa kabusha kwemishini.Ipulasitiki ewumphumela ingase isetshenziselwe ukwenza inhlobonhlobo yemikhiqizo ehlanganisa iziqukathi zokudla nezinto zokusetshenziswa kwezokwelashwa nokunakekelwa kwezempilo lapho kunezidingo eziqinile zokuphepha komkhiqizo.